Interesting. We Talk About The Artefacts -What About The Child?

4,500-Year-Old “Rattles” Found in Infant’s Burial From http://archaeology.org/news/4026-151222-birch-bark-cradle

(Courtesy Polyakov & Esin)

REPUBLIC OF KHAKASSIA, RUSSIA—Live Science reports that a 4,500-year-old burial of an infant less than one year old at the time of death has been found on the northwest shore of Russia’s Lake Itkul, in a kurgan constructed by the Okunev culture. Archaeologists Andrey Polyakov of the Institute for the History of Material Culture and Yury Esin of the Khakassian Research Institute of Language, Literature and History, wrote in Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia that the child had been buried in what appears to be a birch bark cradle with “eight miniature horn figurines representing humanlike characters and heads of birds, elk, boar, and a carnivore.”

The figures, made from deer antlers, bear traces of red paint and were found on the infant’s chest, but they may have been attached to the cradle as toys or charms. “Some of [the figurines] have internal cavities and, upon coming in contact with each other, could produce noisy sounds like modern rattles,” the authors explained.

The child had been buried wearing headgear made from 11 small copper plaques and two metallic cones held together with leather laces. An earring was found near the child’s head.

Hokkaido, Falklands and San Pedro -WHEN Do WE Learn The Lessons?

Please note that this article contains images that some may find disturbing.  Sadly, some do not.
************************************************************************* 

Above: The Falkland Islands Fox.  Proving that "extinction is forever".



In his 1979 book, The Wild Dogs In Life And Legend, Maxwell Riddle (1907-2002), noted canid expert, wrote a brief chapter entitled Why You Should Know About Wild Dogs.  He begins the chapter with these words:

"The Wild Dogs of the world face extinction.  They have been universally hunted and destroyed by man.  In many cases, this has been caused by a desire for their skins and fur.  Many of them, rightly or wrongly, have been considered to be livestock destroyers. And some have supplied man with furs, food, charms against disease and for medicine.

"In addition, just as our exploding world population is destroying the habitat and living conditions of the few remaining primitive human tribes, so are we destroying the habitat and food supplies of the wild dogs."

That was thirty six (36) years ago and despite these words, echoed by many, many others, not one thing has changed.  Banff, Canada, has seen confrontations, though rare, between humans and hungry puma desperately looking for food on what used to be main game trails (and if a hungry large cat has made a kill just why do idiots try to "shoo" them away?) -and the wolves 'menacingly' move around the area.

But, hey, if they are a "potential human threat" we know how to deal with that, right?  Yeah, send a bunch of "good ole boys" out with guns and traps (see, it's easier to shoot a canid or felid in a cage). Nothing makes a hunter more of a "man" (if you get my meaning?) that killing something.  What it does for female hunters I have no idea -but they can smile prettily as the blood from the animal they just killed pours over their hands.

Hunters and their supporters maintain that any wild dog they are hunting (but mainly wolves) are killed to stop them threatening people or "depleting game".  Of course, in the UK the slathering, ravenous killer known as "the fox" is the main target.  "Fox attacks baby in bedroom!"  How did a fox sneak in through the french doors the parents were seated in front watching TV, get past the family dog(s) and then get upstairs and bite the baby before escaping by the same route?  Oh -they have a photograph of a fox in the garden.  

Well, there you go.  

Oh, keep this quiet but,like the people involved in all those other 'fox attack' stories that hit the news, the people involved support the local hunt.  

And the "biggest male fox recorded in the UK" that was shot?  Hmm. The oldest, and I mean oldest,trick in the world: hang the animal up so it is stretched out then get a child (seriously, these are parents?) to stand a few feet back from it -giant fox.  I don't know what disturbs me more -the dead fox or the happy, smiling child.

 
And you can even use an alsatian (German shepherd) the same way:



And when you find that the main mouth-piece over this fakery is a veterinarian and it emerges he has links with the local hunt....hmm. A connection?

Well yes.  Obviously everyone involved has a very low IQ -even the newspapers suddenly realised this was all fake and part of a pro hunt campaign.  Lay the vixen (which is smaller anyway) on her side but stretch out the legs of the larger dog fox and...




Of course, because, as many naturalists and zoologists will tell you, foxes were just hunted and never studied unless it was "I measured the fine dog-fox killed by the hunt...."   That's changing a little now but as I pointed out, and I shall write it again, using over 127 fox hunting books, magazine articles, journals and much more, I proved in the Red Paper: Canids that the British fox was hunted to near extinction and many thousands were imported each year "to maintain the sport" and when those started running out...well, read the book.

I had actually never realised that,like the lynx, bear, beaver and wolf, the fox had been on the point of extinction.  But one source led to another and then another and then questions such as "Why would a game-keeper rescue a fox and house him in the estate stables?" led to other sources on "how to keep captive foxes wild for the hunt" and what had intended to be a quick look at UK foxes became far more.

"Blue foxes" and "white foxes" -arctic foxes- were hunted and killed and a few think these were just rare escapees from fur farms.  They were releases for hunting.

Celebrity "animal lovers" -especially dog lovers- think it is great fun and "the tradition of the country" so like to cheer on a hunt if they see it -as actor Martin Clunes quite happily declared.  A dog being ripped open by a pack of dogs is not "great fun" it is a cruelty enjoyed by people who really should be made to undergo psychological evaluation.

Wolves are reintroduced to parts of Europe but are poisoned, trapped and killed by farmers and others quite illegally -local authorities know but most of those in local authority "go blind" since the same criminals support or provide their votes.

Let's look at it this way.  The UK has a massive -massive- problem with rabbits, rats and other smaller animals.  So, why is this?  It is because the predator has been removed from the food cycle.  Feral and wild cats as well as foxes kill rats, rabbits and mice for food.  They are the pest control. Farmers with sheep flocks lose far more to drowning, falling off cliffs,being hit by cars, disease and rustling than they ever do from "fox predation".

One thing I learnt talking to farmers over thirty plus years is that still-born lambs tend to get thrown over hedges or put on walls because "The fox will dispose of it and we don't have to pay the local authority to remove them".  I was shocked the first time I heard this but by the sixth time I realised it was almost standard practice.

Now, a fox thrown a dead lamb...there is no note reading "You can have this dead one but NO live ones" -you see the problem?

In the 1960s one naturalist-farmer used to count the number of rat tails left by foxes that had killed the rodents on his farm for food.

Australia claims an even bigger "infestation of rabbits, mice and rats" that is near impossible to control.  Dingos, feral cats and dogs are poisoned, shot, snared and worse.  It's more 'fun' to kill the bigger predator mammals (let's not bring up the thylacine -accused of being a sheep killer though never studied and now evidence seems to imply it was no sheep killer -too late!).

The predator is there for a very good reason.

Darwin mentioned Canis fulvipes on the island of San Pedro. One sat watching the human landing party and Darwin walked up quietly behind it and killed it with his geology hammer. This fox species is deemed extinct now.

1778 Falkland Islands Wolf Fox by Stewart Stewart

 

In 1764, L. A. de Bougainville established the first settlement on the Falkland Islands.  The Falkland Islands Wolf, actually it was a fox species found on both East and West Falkland, was so tame it would run up to men.  Never met men before so there was no fear.  Sailors entertained themselves by tempting it closer with a piece of meat in one hand and then kill it with the knife in the other hand.

Extinct is forever.

The excuse is always used that these predatory canids slaughter without need.  Well, we know that is just an excuse to kill an animal -hunters get very annoyed and angry that they have to justify their sport. I have seen people cheer the fact that the puma appears to be returning to parts of the United States where it had been wiped out.  Ahh, you think "people with senses" and then read "I can't wait til I can go and bag myself one of these!"  Oh dear.



And what about the Hokkaido wolf?  "The what?"  Let me explain.

Hokkaido,Japan,  was once the domain of the Hokkaido wolf  aka the Ezo wolf (Canis lupus hattai, formerly known as Canis lupus rex). This canid, along with the better known Honshu wolf, was one of two varieties of wolf found in Japan. And it was not, for a very long time, "disapproved of".

In the case of the  Ezo wolf it had a more traditionally wolf-like appearance than its southern cousin, the Honshu which had a more dog-like appearance. The skull of the Ezo wolf was large and formidable, with long, curved canines, and the body dimensions were similar to that of grey wolves. The Ezo wolf was typically grey in coloration, and significantly larger and more fearsome looking  than the wolves of Honshu.  That writ, both had common ancestry in the Siberian wolves of the Asian mainland.

Some of the only preserved Hokkaido wolves remaining.

The Hokkaido wolves were at one time fairly common and were, as I noted, far from hated beasts.  They were highly venerated by  Ainu people of northern Japan and were considered to be powerful gods -along with bears and owls and featured highly in Ainu myths, folklore, and poetry. The Ainu called the wolves by various names such as  Horkew Kamuy (Howling God), Yukkoiki Kamuy (The God Who Takes Deer), Horkew Retara Kamuy (White Wolf God), and Horkew Kamuy-dono (Lord Wolf God). And to this very day many landmarks bear Ainu names pertaining to the wolves.


When it came to the Ezo wolves they were highly regarded for their hunting prowess.  There are many accounts of the Ainu seeking to domesticate them and this practice was confirmed by several surveys by the Hokkaido Development Agency, which found some Ainu villages actively raising wolf cubs. After being raised among the villagers for around two years and becoming accustomed to people, the Ezo wolves were then  used as hunting companions and even released to go hunt deer for the village on their own.

Basically, humans and wolf working together and sustaining one another.

A group of Ainu people

After the collapse of feudal government in 1868, Japan unfortunately started to turn to the West for help in "modernizing" the nation.  It was now that the government became convinced that ranching was the key to Hokkaido’s future agricultural prosperity. Horse and cattle ranches began popping up all over Hokkaido, throwing humans and wolves into contact with growing frequency. It was not long before tensions rose and the wolves were seen as a threat to the booming ranching industry taking hold of Hokkaido.


With negative attitudes towards the wolves soaring, strychnine poisoning campaigns were launched against them and a bounty system was also put into place by the Hokkaido Development Agency to speed along the extermination process. The days of human and wolf living together were over.

The wolves were so actively slaughtered that the number of Hokkaido wolves plummeted with frightening speed. In 1889, within just 20 years of the start of the poisoning campaigns, the Hokkaido wolf was considered extinct.

 
(c) Respective copyright holder. Apologies but this is from an old file so I have no idea who to credit -anyone knows please let me know.

The Ainu have long held that the wolf existed well past this date, and even to this day sightings reports come in occasionally. On rare occasions, ranchers in modern times have complained of mysterious killings of their livestock caused by some kind of wild animal. Hikers and hunters have reported wolf howls as well, and there are occasional reports of wolf scat or remains being found in the frigid wilds of Hokkaido.

Could the Ezo wolf still be out there?

The wolves of Hokkaido story and that of the thylacine are almost a match. In fact, anywhere that humans want to start raising sheep, cattle or even game, the same story follows.  The old tales of "wolves hunting down humans and slaughtering animals" are churned out and the press and media are quite happy to take the sensationalist attitude -fear and scary stories are "sexy" -they sell newspapers and magazines and boost viewer ratings (look at the "out of control, killer foxes" stories in the UK.

The image of the Falkland Islands Fox ("wolf") is always within site of where I work.  In 2016 it will become the emblem here on the AOP Blog.  I hope the above explains why.

Too many animals have become extinct because of butchery by a minority of humnans.  But a minority that the majority allows to get away with it.

The British Wild Man Survey

Broadside on the withdrawal of the wild men of the woods from a world that has changed for the worse; with a partially hand-coloured woodcut of a wild man and woman with two children and a dog in a landscape after Schäufelein (Hollstein 73-74) and 122 lines of letterpress verse in four columns by Hans Sachs. (n.p.: n.d.)
© The Trustees of the British Museum

I have to say that I thought, after posting yesterday's Time To Study The British Wild Men - http://terryhooper.blogspot.co.uk/2015/12/time-to-study-british-wild-men-reports.html -  it would get some enthusiastic responses from the UK "British Wild Man" community.  I linked up to a couple of sites and joined one of the Face Book groups.  "No one takes us seriously" and "science just is not interested" are the constant chants.  Well, here I was, an established naturalist and one with the mantra of "Dismiss nothing.  Investigate everything".

Reading that post you will see that I made it clear that I was not dismissing anything.  I would look at the evidence and see where it led. Apparently, being open and willing to listen was an attack on the reports and people involved!  Seriously, two nasty emails dismissing the idea out of hand while bemoaning that the established sciences will never listen.  And an exchange on Face Book where it appears my pointing out that I had never heard or had a report of a British wild man made to Me was also dismissing all the evidence.  In fact I had to explain myself several times -I got a private apology later but not one public on the group where people had probably seen me dismissed as calling it all fake -and, yes, taking down the comments does not mean that the conversation is deleted from my files.

Just what the hell is going on? 

I've no reason to close the study but if observers do not want to come forward I will need to assess based on what I can find.  But I'm leaving the invitation to report sightings open until 31st January 2016. 

So Now There Is NO Water On Mars...Well, maybe but we don't know...

Gullies On Mars Formed By Dry Ice, Not Liquid Water, Claims Study

by Jonathan O'Callaghan IFL http://www.iflscience.com/space/liquid-water-may-not-exist-mars

Photo credit: The formation of gullies has been the cause of some debate. NASA

Undoubtedly one of the biggest science stories of 2015 was the discovery of water on Mars, with running liquids believed to be forming observable channels on the surface. But another piece of evidence for liquid water – namely gullies on the surface – should be called into question, according to new research.

A study published in Nature Geoscience suggests that these gullies, dark streaks formed at mid to high latitutes, were likely caused by dry ice composed of carbon dioxide, a theory that has been proposed before. Authors Cedric Pilorget and Francois Forget from the University of Paris explained how much of Mars is covered in a carbon dioxide frost, or dry ice, which is much thinner nearer the equator and thaws due to sublimation – with the ice turning directly into a gas.

During this defrosting process, pores beneath the ice can be filled with ice and shifted. The movement of gases beneath the surface can then destabilize the soil above, causing a debris flow as a result of the gas – and not water. The authors say this can create features such as the gullies we can see on Mars today. Many of these gullies were formed less than a million years ago, and even in the present day, which means there must be an ongoing process.

“We conclude that Martian gullies can result from geologic dry ice processes that have no terrestrial [Earth-like] analogues and do not require liquid water,” they write, adding: “The role of liquid water in gully formation should, therefore, be reconsidered, raising the question of the importance of its occurrence in Mars’ recent past.”

If their research is correct, it would have significant implications for our understanding of Mars. We are fairly certain the Red Planet had large bodies of liquid water a few hundred million years ago, suggesting it was once habitable, but the recent suggestion that liquid water is still present on the surface – despite the seemingly unfavorable surface conditions, namely the low temperatures and low pressure – suggested it may still be habitable, raising the possibility that microbial life lives there.

This research does not call into question the salty recurring slope lineae (RSL) that caused such a commotion earlier this year. But it does suggest that liquid water may not be so abundant on the surface of Mars.

“The RSL occur in times and places far too warm for CO2 frost, so this is not a viable formation model for RSL,” Dr Alfred McEwen, professor of planetary geology at the University of Arizona, told IFLScience. “I think this study will help to convince the science community that the CO2-driven gully model is viable and should be considered the main gully-forming mechanism today.”

^{We're fairly certain Mars once had water – but how much does it have today? NASA/GSFC}


In an accompanying News and Views article, Colin Dundas of the Astrogeology Science Center at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in Arizona suggests that processes on Mars may not as closely resemble those on Earth as we thought.


“When dealing with other worlds, we must take care to remember that unfamiliar processes are possible and even likely in alien environments,” he writes. “The Martian gullies may look like terrestrial landforms shaped by liquid water, but it may be CO2, not water, that is the culprit.”


The debate will likely rage on about how prevalent water is on Mars today. But we may have to temper some expectations regarding how much we are expecting to find, particularly in these somewhat mysterious gullies.